Label gluer hand driven6/12/2023 We will highlight recent advances for a subtype of ratiometric biosensors that incorporate homotransfer and are advantageous for live cell experimentation. The strengths and weaknesses of these two design strategies have been reviewed extensively elsewhere. Ratiometric sensors are well suited for quantification, and they have been used to measure the calcium concentration in vascular smooth muscle. Intensity-modulated sensors are optimal for reporting the patterns of rapidly changing phenomena, such as action potential-driven calcium changes in neurons. Each of these design strategies has different strengths. Such biosensors are designed to modulate either the intensity of a single fluorescent protein or energy transfer between two different fluorophores. Fusion to biosensing protein domains also enables the reporting of dynamic subcellular events, such as changes in second messenger concentrations or post-translational modifications. Genetic encoding permits utilization of the natural protein expression machinery to allow cell-type specific labeling, even in whole organisms. Fluorescent proteins (FPs) form the backbone of modern intracellular biosensors.
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